About The Vaccine
Vaccine: Hepatitis B (various brands including Engerix B)
Dose: Primary immunisation is 3-4 doses over 2-6 months but can be done in as little as 21 days if required with a booster dose at 1 year.
Route: Intramuscular injection
Booster: Not usually required, although a single booster could be considered 5 years after the primary course
Transmission: Spread through contaminated bodily fluids
What is Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that can infect your liver causing not only acute illness but also long-lasting damage. Globally Hepatitis B presents a massive challenge with cases found on nearly every continent. The majority of cases are located in the WHO Western Pacific and African regions.
Unlike Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B causes chronic, long-lasting damage with no specific treatments other than anti-viral agents to slow the progression of the disease and prevent liver damage.
Infection with hepatitis B is more severe in children with approximately 95% of cases causing significant long-term liver problems. Infection as an adult leads to chronic hepatitis in only 5% of individuals.
Most individuals do not experience any symptoms when newly infected, however, some people can develop jaundice, dark urine, fatigue, nausea and abdominal pains. This can lead to liver failure and eventually death. Long-term individuals who carry the virus are at risk of chronic liver damage and liver cancers.
How do you get Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is a virus spread through blood and other bodily fluids. In the UK Hepatitis B is typically found in communities that use injectable drugs as well as unvaccinated individuals with multiple sexual partners.
In developing nations, Hepatitis B is primarily transferred from mother to baby at birth, and between infected and uninfected children under 5 years old.
Why am I at risk of getting Hepatitis B?
You’re probably reading this page because you are looking for Travel Vaccines at a Peak Pharmacy Travel Clinic, equally, you might also be looking at viral Hepatitis protection due to occupational risk.
As a traveller, your risk of contracting Hepatitis B is relatively low. Whilst some individuals will travel for medical procedures or sex tourism the majority of individuals who contract Hepatitis B whilst abroad will acquire the disease through an unplanned trip to the hospital and a blood transfusion. Accidents whilst on holiday are common, and most commonly these are road traffic accidents.
Some of the more unusual cases of hepatitis B transmission have occurred through sharing (or unintended sharing) of toothbrushes as well as razor sharing which was once commonplace on the Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia; Thankfully you now have to provide your own razor! Occupational risk is a significant hazard, even in the UK. Typically occupational hazards arise through needlestick injury and certain professions like healthcare are particularly risky.
How can I prevent a Hepatitis B infection?
As a traveller the risk of infection is low but you can reduce your risk if you are a higher-risk traveller:
- If you are travelling for medical tourism you should check the facility you are using is reputable, and that infection control procedures are being rigorously followed.
- If you are travelling for sex tourism you should always use barrier methods and practise safe sex to prevent transmission. Hepatitis B can be found in vaginal and seminal fluids.
- Avoid tattoos and piercings.
The best method of Hepatitis B prevention is through pre-exposure vaccination.
Hepatitis B Vaccine Vaccination against Hepatitis B is safe and effective and in 2017 was introduced into the UK childhood immunisation schedule. The Hepatitis B vaccine is indicated for all age groups, including newborns. A course consists of 3 doses usually administered over 6 months, however, there are faster schedules available for adult travellers. The fastest schedule is only 3 weeks long.
Once a course is complete booster doses are not usually required however, a single dose could be considered 5 years after completing the primary course for individuals at high risk. Individuals at occupational risk may periodically need blood tests to prove immunity.
What side effects could I expect from a Hepatitis B vaccine?
As mentioned earlier Hepatitis B vaccines are safe and effective; adverse events are infrequent. All licenced vaccines in the UK which include Engerix B and HB-Vax Pro are inactivated vaccines. This means they cannot cause the disease that we are attempting to protect you against. In this respect, they are just like the flu vaccine which should also be considered a travel vaccine depending on the season you are travelling. Typical adverse events are usually limited to:
1. Injection site reactions like a sore arm or redness swelling or tenderness at the injection site
2. Low-grade fever (greater than 37.5C)
3. Fatigue and Tiredness
These symptoms will usually resolve within a few days and require only paracetamol or a cold compress (if swelling at the injection site) to manage them.
